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SS Czar : ウィキペディア英語版
SS Czar

SS ''Czar'', or ''Царь'' in Russian, was an ocean liner for the Russian American Line before World War I. The ship was later known as ''Estonia'' for the Baltic American Line, ''Pułaski'' for the Gdynia America Line and as a British Ministry of War Transport troopship, and as ''Empire Penryn'' after World War II. The liner was built in Glasgow for the Russian American Line in 1912 and sailed on North Atlantic routes from Libau to New York. On one eastbound voyage in October 1913, ''Czar'' was one of ten ships that came to the aid of the burning Uranium Line steamer .
After the Russian Revolution, the ship came under the control of the British Shipping Controller and was managed by the Wilson Line and later, the Cunard Line. Under Cunard management in 1918 as HMT〔In this case, ''HMT'' stands for ''His Majesty's Transport''. For other uses as a ship prefix, see here, under the heading of "United Kingdom".〕 ''Czar'', she was employed as a troopship carrying United States troops to France as part of the United States Navy's Cruiser and Transport Force. After the end of World War I, the ship was returned to the East Asiatic Company, the parent company of the Russian American Line, who placed her on their Baltic American Line sailing in roundtrip passenger service to New York under the name ''Estonia''. She was sold to the Polish Gdynia America Line in 1930, and renamed SS ''Pułaski'' the following year for Polish passenger service to North and South America.
After the outbreak of World War II, ''Pułaski'' was initially used as a French and, after the Fall of France, a British troopship. ''Pułaski'' sailed variously in the North Atlantic, between African ports, and in the Indian Ocean. In 1946, the ship's name was changed to ''Empire Penryn'' and continued trooping duties under the management of Lamport & Holt. She was scrapped in 1949 at Blyth.
== Launching and early career ==
Ocean liner SS ''Czar'' was launched on 23 March 1912 by Barclay Curle & Company of Glasgow, Scotland, for the Russian American Line, a subsidiary of the Danish East Asiatic Company. ''Czar'' had a and measured long by abeam and had two funnels and two masts. She was driven by twin screw propellers at by two steam engines. ''Czar'' had accommodations for 30 passengers in first class, 260 in second class, and 1,086 in third class and steerage.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 Ship Descriptions - C )
''Czar'' sailed on her maiden voyage on 30 May 1912 from Libau (present-day Liepāja, Latvia) to Copenhagen and New York,〔 arriving in the latter city on 13 June. She replaced on the Libau–New York route, and sailed opposite various combinations of , , , and through July 1914.〔Immigration Information Bureau, pp. 163, 172, 181.〕

On her 5 August 1913 sailing from Libau, ''Czar'' carried a young Mark Rothko and his family on their way to join his father in the United States; Rothko went on to become a well-known American abstract expressionist painter and printmaker.〔Weiss et al., p. 333.〕 On her October 1913 eastbound crossing, ''Czar'' responded to the distress calls of the Uranium Line steamer on fire in the middle of the Atlantic The liner joined nine other ships that came to the aid of the stricken ship. Amidst stormy seas, ''Czar''s crew rescued 102 passengers from ''Volturno'', more than any other of the rescue ships, apart from the which rescued 105. In March 1914, King George V of the United Kingdom, on recommendation of the Board of Trade, awarded 19 of ''Czar''s crew the Silver Sea Gallantry Medal, along with a £3 award each.

抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)
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